mRNA-based vaccines are relatively new to the clinic, with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID vaccines being the first to receive emergency use authorization.
Adenovirus (Ad) based vaccine vectors have previously been shown to be potent inducers of both humoral and cellular immunity, and the authorized adenovirus COVID vaccines demonstrate effectiveness in the range of 64.3–71% 2, 5. Two main vaccine platforms have come to the fore in this pandemic, mRNA (mRNA-1273, Moderna BNT162b2, Pfizer/BioNTech) and adenovirus based vaccines (ChAdOx1/AZD1222, AstraZeneca, Janssen), both of which have demonstrated protection from hospitalization and death 1, 2, 3, 4. Novel vaccine platforms, such as self-amplifying mRNA (SAM), which could potentially be dose sparing due to the platform’s ability to replicate post vaccination, should be explored to address the ongoing or future pandemics. The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has spurred the rapid development and approval of multiple vaccines however, the virus continues to spread globally with devasting humanitarian and economic tolls. The SAM vaccine is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as both a homologous prime-boost regimen at low doses and as a boost following heterologous prime. SAM vaccination provided protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge as both a homologous prime-boost and as a single boost following ChAd prime, demonstrating reduction of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Spike-specific T cell responses were observed with all tested vaccine regimens. The homologous prime-boost vaccination regimen of SAM at 3, 10 and 30 μg induced potent neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers in rhesus macaques following two SAM vaccinations at all dose levels, with the 10 μg dose generating geometric mean titers (GMT) 48-fold greater than the GMT of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent human sera. We report the preclinical development of a self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein and demonstrate strong cellular and humoral immune responses at low doses in mice and rhesus macaques.
The application includes online help manuals and guidelines, as well as tooltips that explain you the basics about each function.The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread globally, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines that could be rapidly mobilized to immunize large populations.
Overall, FlowJo is a convenient software application specifically designed to provide you with all the tools necessary to perform in-depth analyses of flow cytometric data. The 'Statistic' option enables you to calculate the frequency of a population (Freq.), the Coefficient of Variation (CV) and the Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI).
How the main window is designed not only allows you to explore the main functionality of FlowJo, but enables you to understand how to correctly determine the concentration of a solution by titration.įlowJo utilizes an array of advanced gating tools that facilitate the process generating subsets until a collection consists of only the cells for which a 3D diagram or analyzed statistics are required. For each sample, you can perform various actions like adding keywords or statistics, display data sets in a spatial spinnable visualization window and concatenate files together. By right-clicking a sample, you can modify group settings, including name, color, font style, role, sample inclusion criterion and assignments. The Group section allows you to organize samples in the order in which you want to analyze them. Moreover, you can drag and drop samples or bands on the workspace. The application provides you with the means to customize each band with the preferred tasks that you commonly use.
The interface of FlowJo is user-friendly and consists of the main workspace and several ribbons that contain tabbed bands which allow you to scroll through various bands to access different tasks. Performing a flow cytometry analysis is crucial to diagnose health disorders, especially blood cancers, but it can be helpful to other specialized applications for research and clinical practice purposes.Ĭustomizable and easy to navigate interface FlowJo 10.8.1 (圆4) | File size: 163.5 MBįlowJo is a powerful application that provides you with an integrated environment for displaying and analyzing flow cytometric data.